Toward a dual processing model of language: Normal and neurologic studies

Most contemporary approaches to linguistic modeling, influenced by generative grammar theory, emphasize newly created, novel sentences. Nevertheless, there is a growing awareness of the importance of formulaic language, including formulas, idioms, expletives, memorized speech, slang, conventional expressions, sayings, clichés, and proverbs. Review of linguistic descriptions, psycholinguistic experiments, sociolinguistic studies, observations in aphasia, and functional brain imaging reveals differentiated roles for novel and nonnovel verbal functions. The generation of novel sentences from rules operating on lexical items, and the management of holistic, prefabricated expressions represent two legitimate and separable processes in language behavior. These essentially disparate processing modes each have unique attributes, achieve specialized goals in communication, and are highly integrated in normal language behavior. Interaction and synchronizing of these two processes contributes to creativity in language and is essential for normal communicative function.